Review by the 10 key characteristics of carcinogens: nicotine e-cigarettes "likely" to cause lung, oral cancer
A peer-reviewed risk assessment in Carcinogenesis, led by UNSW Sydney (March 30, 2026), judged nicotine e-cigarettes "likely to be carcinogenic," based on biomarker, animal, and mechanistic data.
Peer-reviewed · Oxford University Press · 26 June 2026